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STATE MODEL SYLLABUS FOR UNDER GRADUATE COURSE IN GEOGRAPHY
1. INTRODUCTION
Geography as a discipline enables us to understand the earth we are living in from a spatial perspective. It offers a holistic framework to understand the world and its problems. The undergraduate curriculum in Geography aims to develop among students an understanding of the principles and concepts of Geography, skills of map making and map reading, techniques of data collection and analysis, proficiency in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS), and ability to analyze and interpret spatial patterns.
This syllabus is designed to provide a balanced education in physical and human geography, with a practical component that develops fieldwork and research skills. It aims to prepare students for higher education, teaching, research, or careers related to geography such as urban planning, environmental management, GIS analysis, and more.
2. COURSE OBJECTIVES
- To develop a sound understanding of fundamental concepts and principles in Geography
- To acquire knowledge of physical processes that shape the earth's surface
- To understand human-environment relationships and interactions
- To develop skills in cartography and map interpretation
- To gain proficiency in modern techniques like GIS, Remote Sensing, and GPS
- To collect, analyze, and interpret geographical data using appropriate methods
- To develop research skills through fieldwork and practical exercises
- To understand regional geography and spatial patterns
- To develop awareness about environmental issues and sustainable development
- To prepare students for career opportunities and higher studies in Geography and related fields
3. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION
Candidates who have passed the 10+2 examination with Geography as one of the subjects or any other examination recognized as equivalent thereto are eligible for admission to the Undergraduate course in Geography.
4. COURSE STRUCTURE
The undergraduate course in Geography shall be a three-year program divided into six semesters. The program shall consist of core courses, skill enhancement courses, and elective courses.
| Semester | Core Papers | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Semester I | Physical Geography I | 6 |
| Semester II | Physical Geography II | 6 |
| Semester III | Human Geography | 6 |
| Semester IV | Economic Geography | 6 |
| Semester V | Cartography & Map Making | 6 |
| Remote Sensing & GIS | 6 | |
| Semester VI | Regional Geography of India | 6 |
| Environmental Geography | 6 |
Students shall also take Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC) and Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC) as per the university guidelines.
5. DETAILED SYLLABUS
First Year
Semester I: Physical Geography I
- Unit I: Origin and Evolution of Earth
- Theories of origin of the earth
- Interior of the earth
- Plate tectonics theory
- Geological time scale
- Unit II: Geomorphology
- Concepts of geomorphology
- Weathering and mass wasting
- Fluvial processes and landforms
- Glacial, aeolian, and coastal landforms
- Unit III: Crustal Deformation
- Folding, faulting, and jointing
- Earthquakes and volcanoes
- Orogenic and epeirogenic movements
- Unit IV: Practical Work
- Identification of rocks and minerals
- Map reading and interpretation of physical features
- Analysis of topographical maps
Semester II: Physical Geography II
- Unit I: Climatology
- Composition and structure of atmosphere
- Heat balance and temperature
- Atmospheric pressure and winds
- General circulation of atmosphere
- Unit II: Hydrosphere
- Oceans and seas
- Salinity, temperature and movements of ocean water
- Tides and ocean currents
- Unit III: Biogeography
- Ecosystems and food chains
- Biomes of the world
- Biodiversity and conservation
- Unit IV: Practical Work
- Weather map analysis
- Interpretation of climatic data
- Climographs and their interpretation
Second Year
Semester III: Human Geography
- Unit I: Nature and Scope of Human Geography
- Human Geography: definition, nature, scope
- Evolution of Human Geography
- Determinism vs. Possibilism
- Neo-determinism and probabilism
- Unit II: Population Geography
- Distribution and density of population
- Demographic processes: birth, death, migration
- Population composition and structure
- Theories of population growth
- Unit III: Settlement Geography
- Rural settlements: types, patterns, functions
- Urban settlements: origin, growth, functions
- Urban morphology and land use
- Urban problems and planning
- Unit IV: Practical Work
- Analysis of census data
- Population pyramid construction and analysis
- Settlement survey techniques
Semester IV: Economic Geography
- Unit I: Concepts and Approaches in Economic Geography
- Nature, scope, and development of Economic Geography
- Location theory and spatial analysis
- Resource classification and evaluation
- Unit II: Primary Activities
- Agriculture: types and patterns
- Forestry and fishing
- Mining and mineral extraction
- Unit III: Secondary and Tertiary Activities
- Industrial location theories
- Types of industries and industrial regions
- Trade and transport networks
- Services sector development
- Unit IV: Practical Work
- Agricultural survey methods
- Mapping of economic activities
- Analysis of economic development indicators
Third Year
Semester V: Cartography & Map Making
- Unit I: Fundamentals of Cartography
- Map scale, projection, and symbols
- Map design and layout
- Types of maps: general, thematic, topographic
- Unit II: Map Compilation and Representation
- Methods of representing relief
- Representation of qualitative and quantitative data
- Cartographic generalization
- Unit III: Computer Cartography
- Introduction to computer mapping
- Principles of digital map production
- Cartographic software applications
- Unit IV: Practical Work
- Construction of map projections
- Preparation of thematic maps
- Use of computers in map making
Semester V: Remote Sensing & GIS
- Unit I: Remote Sensing Fundamentals
- Electromagnetic spectrum and interaction with earth features
- Platforms, sensors, and resolution
- Visual and digital image processing
- Unit II: Geographic Information Systems
- GIS concepts and components
- Data models: raster and vector
- Data input, management, and analysis
- Spatial analysis techniques
- Unit III: Applications of RS and GIS
- Land use/land cover mapping
- Urban planning applications
- Natural resource management
- Disaster management
- Unit IV: Practical Work
- Image interpretation and classification
- Creation of spatial database
- Spatial analysis and modeling
- Map generation
Semester VI: Regional Geography of India
- Unit I: Physical Setting of India
- Location, extent and boundaries
- Structure and relief
- Climate and drainage systems
- Natural vegetation and soils
- Unit II: Population and Settlements in India
- Population distribution and characteristics
- Rural and urban settlements
- Migration patterns
- Unit III: Resources and Development
- Agriculture patterns and problems
- Industrial development and spatial patterns
- Transport and communication networks
- Energy resources
- Unit IV: Regional Planning
- Concepts and approaches
- Regional imbalances
- Development strategies for tribal and backward regions
Semester VI: Environmental Geography
- Unit I: Basic Concepts of Environmental Studies
- Components of environment
- Ecosystems and their functioning
- Food chains and food webs
- Biogeochemical cycles
- Unit II: Environmental Issues and Management
- Environmental pollution: air, water, soil, noise
- Natural hazards and disasters
- Climate change and global warming
- Environmental impact assessment
- Unit III: Conservation and Management
- Biodiversity conservation
- Forest and wildlife resources
- Water resources management
- Sustainable development
- Unit IV: Environmental Legislation and Policies
- Environmental policies in India
- International environmental agreements
- Environmental movements and NGOs
6. ASSESSMENT METHODS
Assessment of students shall be done through continuous internal assessment and end-semester examinations. The distribution shall be as follows:
- Internal Assessment: 30% (consisting of assignments, tests, practical work, and class participation)
- End-Semester Examination: 70%
For practical courses, the assessment shall include viva voce and practical examinations.
7. REFERENCE MATERIALS
The following textbooks and reference materials are recommended:
- Savindra Singh, Physical Geography
- Strahler & Strahler, Physical Geography
- Raisz & Henry, Principles of Human Geography
- Harm J. de Blij, Human Geography: People, Place, and Environment
- Morgan, C.T. & James, P.E., A Geography of Man
- Raisa, O.H.H., Economic Geography
- Robinson, Sale, & Morrison, Elements of Cartography
- Lillesand & Kiefer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation
- Burrough, P.A., Principles of GIS
- Spate, O.H.K. & Learmonth, A.T.A., India and Pakistan
- Savindra Singh, Environmental Geography
8. LEARNING RESOURCES
In addition to textbooks, students are encouraged to utilize:
- Topographical maps published by Survey of India
- Remote sensing imagery from IRS satellites and other sources
- Digital datasets and GIS software packages
- Geographical journals and periodicals
- Statistical data published by Census of India and other agencies
- Field visits and excursions
- Geography laboratory facilities with modern equipment
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