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Referencing Guide for Harvard, Vancouver, and APA Styles

Accurate citation is essential for academic integrity and allows readers to locate the sources you have used. The three most frequently requested styles are Harvard (authordate), Vancouver (numeric) and APA (American Psychological Association, 7th edition). The sections below outline the core rules for each style, provide quickreference tables, and give worked examples for books, journal articles, and web pages.

1. Harvard Referencing (AuthorDate)

1.1 General Principles

  • Intext citation: (Surname Year) or (Surname Year, p.page).
  • Reference list: ordered alphabetically by author surname.
  • Use sentencecase for article titles; capitalise only the first word and proper nouns.
  • Italicise titles of books and journals.
  • Include DOI where available.

1.2 Common Source Formats

SourceIntextReference List
Book (Smith 2020) Smith, J. (2020). Understanding research methods. London: Academic Press.
Journal article (Brown & Lee 2019, p.45) Brown, L., & Lee, K. (2019). Climate change impacts on agriculture. Journal of Environmental Science, 34(2), 3852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.004
Website (World Health Organization 2023) World Health Organization. (2023). Global health estimates 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024, from https://www.who.int/data/gho

1.3 Example Paragraph

Recent research shows a strong link between air quality and respiratory disease (Green 2021). When air pollutants exceed WHO thresholds, hospital admissions rise markedly (World Health Organization 2023). A longitudinal study in Europe confirmed that each 10g/m increase in PM2.5 is associated with a 6% rise in asthma attacks (Mller et al. 2020, p.102).

2. Vancouver Referencing (Numeric)

2.1 General Principles

  • Intext citation: a sequential number in square brackets, e.g., [1].
  • Reference list: ordered numerically as sources appear in the text.
  • Use abbreviated journal titles (MEDLINE/NLM format).
  • Authors are listed as surname followed by initials without periods.
  • Include all authors up to six; for more, list the first six followed by et al.

2.2 Common Source Formats

SourceIntextReference List
Book [1] 1. Smith J. Understanding research methods. London: Academic Press; 2020.
Journal article [2] 2. Brown L, Lee K. Climate change impacts on agriculture. J Environ Sci. 2019;34(2):3852. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.004
Website [3] 3. World Health Organization. Global health estimates 2023 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho

2.3 Example Paragraph

Airquality monitoring has identified a direct correlation with respiratory disease rates [1]. The WHO reports that annual deaths attributable to ambient pollution exceed four million worldwide [2]. A recent cohort study quantified the risk, showing a 6% increase in asthma exacerbations for each 10g/m rise in PM2.5 [3].

3. APA Style (7thEdition)

3.1 General Principles

  • Intext citation: (Surname, Year) or (Surname, Year, p.page). Use & between two authors.
  • Reference list: alphabetised by surname; hanging indent of 0.5in.
  • Article titles: sentence case; journal titles: title case and italicised.
  • Use DOI formatted as a URL (https://doi.org/).
  • For up to 20 authors, list all; if more, list first 19, an ellipsis, then the final author.

3.2 Common Source Formats

SourceIntextReference List
Book (Smith, 2020) Smith, J. (2020). Understanding research methods. Academic Press.
Journal article (Brown & Lee, 2019, p.45) Brown, L., & Lee, K. (2019). Climate change impacts on agriculture. Journal of Environmental Science, 34(2), 3852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.004
Website (World Health Organization, 2023) World Health Organization. (2023). Global health estimates 2023. https://www.who.int/data/gho

3.3 Example Paragraph

Recent evidence indicates that poor air quality contributes significantly to respiratory illness (Green, 2021). The World Health Organization (2023) notes that global mortality linked to air pollution remains high. A European longitudinal analysis reported that each 10g/m increase in PM2.5 raised asthmarelated hospital visits by 6% (Mller et al., 2020, p.102).

4. Quick Reference Cheat Sheet

  • Harvard: (Surname Year) alphabetic list.
  • Vancouver: [Number] numeric list in order of appearance.
  • APA: (Surname, Year) alphabetic list, DOI as URL.

When in doubt, consult the official style guide or your institutions guidelines. Consistency is the key to a professional reference list.

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