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NCERT Solutions for Class 6 History Chapter 10: New Empires and Kingdoms

Chapter 10 of the Class 6 History textbook, "New Empires and Kingdoms," explores the rise of the Gupta Empire, the reign of Samudragupta, and the administration of the Harshavardhana era. This period is known for its rich inscriptions, court poets, and evolving political structures in ancient India.

Key Concepts Covered

  • Prashastis: Praise poems written by poets about kings, particularly the Allahabad Pillar inscription describing Samudragupta.
  • Genealogies: The lineage of Gupta rulers, starting from Samudraguptas great-grandfather.
  • Harshavardhana: The king who ruled Thanesar and Kannauj, whose biography (Harshacharita) was written by Banabhatta.
  • Pallavas and Chalukyas: Major dynasties of South India during this era.
  • Administrative Structure: How kings maintained control through land grants and local officials.

NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Q1. State whether true or false:
(a) Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautami Balashri. False
(b) The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta. False
(c) There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha. True
(d) Taxila and Madurai were important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers. False
(e) Aihole was the capital of the Chalukyas. True
(f) Local assemblies functioned for several centuries in south India. True
Q2. Mention three authors who wrote about Harshavardhana.
The three prominent individuals associated with the history of Harshavardhana are:
  1. Banabhatta: The court poet who wrote Harshavardhana's biography, the Harshacharita.
  2. Xuan Zang: The Chinese traveler who spent a significant amount of time in Harsha's court and left detailed accounts.
  3. Harshavardhana himself: He was a talented playwright and is credited with writing three plays: Ratnavali, Priyadarshika, and Nagananda.
Q3. What changes do you find in the army at this time?
During this period, the military organization underwent significant changes:
  • Kings still maintained a well-organized army with elephants, chariots, cavalry, and foot soldiers.
  • New military leaders known as Samantas emerged. These were leaders who provided the king with troops whenever needed.
  • These Samantas did not receive regular salaries. Instead, some of them received grants of land, from which they collected revenue to maintain soldiers and horses.
  • If the ruler was weak, these Samantas often tried to become independent.
Q4. What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Administration saw several innovations to manage the expanding empires:
  • Administrative posts: Many posts became hereditary. For example, Harishena, a maha-danda-nayaka, was also a poet.
  • Multiple roles: Sometimes, one person held many offices. For example, a maha-danda-nayaka could also be a kumar-amatya (an important minister) and a sandhi-vigrahika (minister of war and peace).
  • Local influence: Powerful men often had a say in local administration. This included the Nagara-shreshthi (chief banker), the Prathama-kulika (chief craftsman), and leaders of the merchant caravans.
Q5. What did the poet Prashasti tell us about Samudragupta?
The Prashasti (a long inscription) composed by Harishena tells us that Samudragupta was a brilliant warrior and a man of great culture:
  • It describes him as a "warrior whose victory was celebrated in the field of battle."
  • It mentions his musical talents, stating he was an accomplished veena player.
  • It depicts him as a king with a sharp mind, excelling in poetry and learning, earning him the title 'Kaviraja'.
  • It describes his military campaigns, detailing how he defeated various kings in Aryavarta and Dakshinapatha.

Summary of Social and Political Life

This chapter illustrates that the Gupta period and the post-Gupta era were transitions where power became more decentralized. The emergence of the Samanta system changed the relationship between the king and his subjects. Furthermore, the records left by travelers like Xuan Zang provide us with a window into the daily life, religious practices, and social hierarchy of 6th and 7th-century India.

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