Class 10 Economics Chapter 2: Development MCQs with Answers

Per Capita Income is a key economic indicator of development. It refers to the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by its total population.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. The three dimensions of HDI are: Health (measured by life expectancy), Education (measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and Standard of Living (measured by Gross National Income per capita).

Development goals can be conflicting as different people have different notions of development. What may be development for one might not be development for the other. For example, industrialists may want more dams to get electricity, but this may displace many people who live in those areas.

Countries with high income are generally considered developed. According to the World Bank's classification, countries with high gross national income (GNI) per capita are considered developed. However, it's important to note that income alone is not a sufficient indicator of development, and other factors like quality of life, education, and health should also be considered.

The use of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro energy is an example of sustainable development. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The other options (excessive use of groundwater, deforestation, and overfishing) are not sustainable practices as they deplete resources faster than they can be replenished.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) publishes the Human Development Report every year. This report ranks countries based on the Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite measure of health, education, and income indicators.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year. It is an important indicator of the health status of a population and the quality of healthcare services available. A lower IMR generally indicates better healthcare conditions and overall development.

Net Attendance Ratio is calculated as the total number of children of age group 6-18 attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the age group 6-18. This indicator helps in understanding the educational participation of children in the relevant age group and is an important measure of educational development.

Political freedom is not a component of the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI is composed of three dimensions: health (measured by life expectancy at birth), education (measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and standard of living (measured by Gross National Income per capita). While political freedom is important for overall development, it is not included in the calculation of HDI.

According to the 2021 Human Development Report, Switzerland had the highest HDI rank. Norway, which had been at the top for several years, was ranked second. HDI rankings change periodically based on improvements in various dimensions of human development across countries.

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is the total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the age group which officially corresponds to that level of education. It helps measure the extent of participation in a given level of education and is used as an indicator of educational development.

Literacy Rate is defined as the percentage of people above 7 years of age who can both read and write with understanding in any language. In India, this is the standard definition used by the Census. Literacy rate is an important indicator of educational development and the overall human resource development of a country.

The services sector contributes most to the GDP of developed countries. In most developed economies, the service or tertiary sector accounts for more than 70% of the GDP. This includes industries such as finance, insurance, real estate, business services, healthcare, education, information technology, and more. The shift from agriculture to manufacturing and then to services is a typical pattern of economic development.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. They are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". The SDGs are intended to be achieved by the year 2030.

Maximizing resource extraction is NOT a goal of sustainable development. The three pillars of sustainable development are economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. Sustainable development aims to balance these three aspects without compromising the needs of future generations. Maximizing resource extraction would lead to depletion of resources and is contrary to the principles of sustainability.